Determination of the flow rate and temperature of the liquid when it is forced through the throttle openings

Abstract

The article presents laboratory findings from studies conducted on a specially developed setup for analyzing liquid flow through throttle holes. The liquid flow rate depends on various factors, such as hole diameter, upstream pressure, liquid viscosity, and the channel’s length and shape. As the liquid passes through the throttle, pressure drops, velocity increases, and kinetic energy rises, subsequently converting to thermal energy due to molecular friction. This throttling process raises the liquid’s temperature, making it suitable for heating applications in industrial, laboratory, and heating systems. This throttling process increases the liquid's temperature through molecular friction, making it a practical solution for heating applications across industrial and laboratory systems.