The impact of climate change on internal migration in Kazakhstan: socio-legal challenges and solutions

Abstract

Climate change has become one of the major factors driving internal migration in Kazakhstan, exerting a considerable influence on people’s living conditions. This article examines the social and legal challenges associated with climate-induced migration and explores potential solutions. Particular attention is given to the impact of environmental factors, such as prolonged droughts, frequent floods, land degradation, and declining agricultural productivity, on population movements. The findings are based on the results of a sociological survey conducted in five regions of Kazakhstan, which identified the primary reasons behind migration decisions. Among the key motives were worsening health conditions, economic instability, and limited access to clean water and sufficient food resources. At the same time, the analysis shows that, despite facing significant consequences of climate change, many residents do not necessarily perceive migration as the only or the best way to address these challenges. The article suggests a range of measures to enhance legislation aimed at safeguarding the rights of climate migrants, strengthening regional adaptation strategies, and creating government programs to provide social and economic assistance to affected communities. The study highlights the importance of adopting an integrated approach that combines legal, economic, and social mechanisms in order to manage internal migration effectively in the context of ongoing climate change.