Comprehensive Analysis of Soil Salinization Dynamics in Semi-Arid Regions of Uzbekistan Using GIS and Remote Sensing Indices

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of soil salinization processes in the Kattakurgan district (Uzbekistan) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) indices. The research integrates natural components, including geomorphology, hydrogeology, annual precipitation, slope gradient, aspect, and soil types, with key remote sensing indicators such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Tasseled Cap Wetness (TCW), Bare Soil Index (BSI), Salinity Index (SI), and Normalized Difference Salinity Index (NDSI). Landsat 8/9 satellite imagery was employed to perform spatial analysis within a GIS environment. The results revealed high salinization in the central and western parts of the district, while irrigated areas exhibited moderate soil moisture and vegetation cover. TCW and NDMI indices effectively reflected soil moisture and vegetation density, whereas SI and NDSI accurately delineated the spatial distribution of salinization processes. These findings are closely linked to hydrogeological conditions, topography, and vegetation, enabling the identification of high-risk salinization zones in semi-arid regions. Furthermore, GIS and RS-based analyses provide essential information for assessing ecological stability, planning irrigation and reclamation measures, and optimizing water resource management. The integrated approach allows precise identification of primary salinization zones, evaluation of vegetation and water-related ecological processes, and supports informed agro-technical and land reclamation decisions. This study demonstrates that the combination of GIS and RS indices is a reliable and effective tool for monitoring soil salinization and guiding sustainable land management in semi-arid areas.