Overview of carbon materials for use in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors

Abstract

This review article focuses on the study of carbon materials utilized as electrodes in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The research examines three primary categories of materials: activated carbon, carbon aerogels, and nanoporous carbon. The article provides a comprehensive explanation of the operational principles of many types of capacitor systems, such as double-layer electrochemical capacitors, pseudo capacitors, and hybrid capacitors. The carbon materials under discussion are thoroughly examined with a focus on their synthesis processes, structural features, and electrochemical properties. The study investigates the impact of pore structure, surface area, and the presence of functional groups on electrode performance. The impact of heat treatment and chemical modification techniques on the properties of synthesized carbon structures has been investigated, specifically examining parameters such as temperature and duration. The text examines the benefits and drawbacks of each material type, taking into account their individual capacity, cyclical stability, and economic efficiency. The study emphasizes the importance of precise adjustment of the synthesis process to enhance the electrochemical characteristics and showcases the possibility of employing these materials in sophisticated energy storage devices. This review serves as a crucial resource for experts engaged in developing cutting-edge materials for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. It also highlights potential topics for future research in the realm of electrochemical energy storage.